is absent)cellr(23)) </td><td>row(cell(Required attribute <author-name> is absent) </td><td>cellr(8)) </td><td>row(cell(Required attribute <format> is absent in <file>) </td><td>cellr(264)) </td><td>row(cell(You cannot repeat (2) this attr <handle> in templ above) </td><td>cellr(1)) </td><td>row(cell(You cannot repeat (2) this attr <title> in templ above) </td><td>cellr(1)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in cluster <file>)cellr(104)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in cluster <organization>) </td><td>cellr(32)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in cluster <person>) </td><td>cellr(2)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in template <redif-archive 1.0>) </td><td>cellr(14)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in template <redif-person 1.0>) cellr(4)) </td><td>row(cell(INVALID (unknown) attribute)cellr(126)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <email> (attr: contact-email, eval))cellr(1)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <fileformat> (attr: file-format, regex)) cellr(112)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <handle> (attr: handle, regex)) cellr(10)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <url> (attr: author-homepage, eval)) cellr(82)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <url> (attr: file-url, eval))cellr(77)) </td><td>row(cell(Bad line:)cellr(1189)) </td><td>) </td><td>latexcommand(\caption{The errors in the dataset}\label{tab:r} </td><td>\end{center}\end{table}) </td><td> </td><td>An important source of mistakes is the clustering of attributes. A cluster </td><td>must be introduced with the key attribute for the cluster; if that is not </td><td>the case then the template is in error. However given the fact that the </td><td>cluster concept is more involved than than the meaning of individual </td><td>data element we are surprised that there are not more clustering mistakes. </td><td> </td><td>Each attribute may be checked for its syntax to correspond to a regular </td><td>expression. Email addresses have to be of the standard Internet form </td><td>em(user)@em(site). URLs have to be of a syntax that is specified in </td><td>url(RFC1783)(http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/rfc/rfc1738.txt). The format </td><td>indicator that is required in the file-format is an in-house product. It is </td><td>based on the mime types as defined in </td><td>url(RFC1521)(http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/rfc/rfc1521.ps.gz) but it has </td><td>additional qualifiers that specify archiving and compression of files. It </td><td>is therefore not astonishing that this specification produces quite a few </td><td>mistakes. </td><td> </td><td>Finally an important source of mistakes are bad lines. This error typically </td><td>occurs in lines that continue the value of a field that has started on a </td><td>previous line. Any such line must be indented by at least one blank </td><td>character. Note that the number quoted here is the actual number of bad </td><td>lines. If an abstract that goes over several lines has no indentation, this </td><td>problem affects all the lines. The number of templates that are affected </td><td>by the problem is therefore much smaller than the number reported </td><td>here. Our calculations show that 170 templates are invalid through </td><td>bad lines. Note that the same remark also applies for the </td><td>dq(missing template-type) error. </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(ReDIF warnings) </td><td> </td><td>When a warning is issued, the template is not rejected but the value of the </td><td>field is ignored. We list the warning messages in Table 4. </td><td>Dates have to be of the form em(yyyy-mm-dd). The JEL </td><td>classification values are all known to the checking software. If a key </td><td>attribute is empty then the rest of the cluster data is ignored. </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(Guildford protocol mistakes) </td><td> </td><td>When preparing this paper we also found some violations of the Guildford </td><td>protocol. Recall that the Guildford protocol sets rules on how ReDIF </td><td>metadata should be stored on a RePEc archive.+footnote(When ReDIF is </td><td>checked these errors are not detected because they are not violations of </td><td>ReDIF.) Three files contained series templates but they are not called </td><td>em(???seri.rdf) and placed in the directory of individual series. There is </td><td>also a file that contains a mixture of ReDIF-paper and ReDIF-software </td><td>templates. This is not licit because no file may contain templates of </td><td>different types. </td><td> </td><td>Since we have been working very thoroughly through the </td><td>data we are confident that there are no further Guildford protocol mistakes </td><td>in the data. To prove that we would need to write special software. </td><td> </td><td>subsect(The composition of the dataset into archives) </td><td> </td><td>In Tables 5 and 6 (in the Appendix) we report the contents of the total </td><td>document-related datasets for loose and controlled archives respectively. </td><td>For each archive, we give its name first; two names have been shortened in </td><td>order to save space. It is clear that the name of the archive is not really </td><td>a well defined concept. For most loose archives the choice of the name </td><td>reflects the name of the provider or sometimes simply the name of the type </td><td>of papers. </td><td> </td><td>It is clear that the largest archives tend to be found among the controlled </td><td>archives. The reasons are simple enough. Many of the controlled archives </td><td>come from large providers. A member of the RePEc team has been working to </td><td>make their contents available, because the bargaining power of large </td><td>providers is such that they have little incentive to provide data but RePEc </td><td>has strong incentives to include them. The majority of loose archives are </td><td>run by small institutions, in general for their departmental paper series. </td><td>At the opposite end there are some personal archives. We will look at them </td><td>separately. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>+latexcommand(\begin{table}\begin{center}) </td><td>table(2)(lr)( </td><td>row(cell(em(description of error))cellr(em(number))) </td><td>row(celll( A bad date value format:) cellr(273)) </td><td>row(celll(An invalid JEL value) cellr(3344)) </td><td>row(celll(Empty value of a key attr. <author-name>) cellr(301)) </td><td>row(celll(Empty value of a key attr. <author-workplace-name>) cellr(1411)) </td><td>row(celll(Empty value of a key attr. <file-url>) cellr(176)) </td><td>) </td><td>+latexcommand(\caption{The warnings in the dataset}\label{tab:n} </td><td>\end{center}\end{table}) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(Controlled versus loose archives)label(sec:coar) </td><td> </td><td>There are two basic reasons why mistakes occur in an archive. Either the </td><td>maintainer is incompetent or (s)he is lazy. In the case of the controlled </td><td>archives we exclude the incompetence cause. We assume that these people are </td><td>competent but that they have not yet corrected the mistakes because they </td><td>have been too lazy, too busy with other things or for whatever other </td><td>reasons. The main issue is whether people who have neither formal </td><td>cataloging background in general nor have had </td><td>personal training in particular are </td><td>able to catalog the documents. If they can do that as well as people who </td><td>have perfect knowledge of the cataloging procedure than it is possible to </td><td>build a catalog simply by pointing a willing individual to the </td><td>documentation. </td><td> </td><td>It is therefore important to consider the comparative number of mistakes in </td><td>these two groups of archives. Because of the fact that the controlled </td><td>archives are so much larger a comparison of the quality of the controlled </td><td>versus the loose archive would be misleading if it would solely based on </td><td>statistical measures like the total number of errors divided by the total </td><td>number or documents. Since the large collections are generated out of ASCII </td><td>dumps from bibliographic databases, this comparison would be misleading. </td><td> </td><td>From an examination of the data in Table 5, there seems to be an </td><td>accumulation of mistakes in certain archives whereas others are almost </td><td>completely error-free. Even some of the controlled archives are affected by </td><td>a series of problems. It therefore seems fair to write that in principle </td><td>the decentralized cataloging works for a large number of archives. However </td><td>a small number are affected by clusters of mistakes. There is some human </td><td>intervention required to fix these mistakes. Note that because web </td><td>cataloging is still in its infancy, we can be hopeful that sooner or later </td><td>the archives that are affected by serial errors will take corrective </td><td>action. </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(Personal archives) </td><td>Four archives are in fact personal archives where paper of only one person </td><td>and his co-authors appear. Three of them take their name </td><td>from the person who </td><td>is the main author. RePEc is ill-prepared for the wide-spread use idea of a </td><td>personal RePEc archive. Since all archives have to be registered with a </td><td>central archive, if many of authors open such archives this would put the </td><td>central archive under considerable strain. The three archives are operated </td><td>by leading gurus and therefore the RePEc team did find it difficult to </td><td>refuse them to open an archive. If authors would make more material </td><td>available in homepages, one would need to found intermediate collectors </td><td>that would gather the ReDIF data not through the Guildford protocol, but </td><td>through a protocol that is more suitable for the storage of ReDIF data </td><td>in homepages. </td><td> </td><td>One important motivation to store papers in personal archives is </td><td>that many journals+emdash()such as the url(Journal of Internet Cataloging) </td><td>(http://www.haworthpressinc.com/jic/)+emdash()allow authors to </td><td>redistribute their work as part of a collection that is their own. The </td><td>statement for the Journal of Internet Cataloging </td><td>is at tturl(http://www.haworthpressinc.com/jic/jicpubag.html), </td><td>the relevant passage is </td><td>quote( </td><td>As a professional courtesy, the authors retain the right to reprint their </td><td>article submitted again, after publication in the journal, in any work for </td><td>which they are sole Author, or in any edited work for which the author is </td><td>Senior Editor. No further permission is necessary in writing from The </td><td>Haworth Press, Inc., nor will the Press require fees of any kind for the </td><td>reprinting.) </td><td>Providers of personal archives provide reprints of their paper and </td><td>hope that these reprints are protected by such clauses. In a similar way </td><td>we provide an furl(online version of this </td><td>paper)(http://openlib.org/home/krichel/papers/jagt.html). </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>sect(User services)+label(sec:user) </td><td> </td><td>There would be little point in collecting all that data if there were no </td><td>users to use them. Note that there is no official user service for RePEc. </td><td>The implicit ability and explicit intention to allow for many user services </td><td>at one time is a key features of RePEc. This provides an important selling </td><td>point once a potential provider understands that submitting data to RePEc </td><td>means submitting the data to all the user services at once. Here we list </td><td>the most important user services in </td><td>link(Subsection ref(sec:main))(sec:main), before we critically </td><td>discuss them in link(Subsection </td><td>ref(sec:upta))(sec:upta). </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>subsect(The main user services)label(sec:main) </td><td> </td><td>By order of historical appearance, they are </td><td> </td><td>furl(BibEc)(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/BibEc.html)+amp() +latexcommand(\par </td><td>)+furl(WoPEc)(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/WoPEc.html)+nl() +noindent() provide </td><td>static html pages for all working papers that are only available in print </td><td>(BibEc) and all papers that are available electronically (WoPEc). Both </td><td>datasets use the same search engines. There are three search engines, a </td><td>full text WAIS engine, a fielded search engine based on the mySQL </td><td>relational database and a ROADS fielded search engine. Note that the mySQL </td><td>database is also used for the control of the relational components in the </td><td>RePEc dataset. BibEc and WoPEc are mirrored in the United States and Japan </td><td>as part of the NetEc project. </td><td> </td><td>furl(IDEAS)(http://ideas.uqam.ca)+nl() </td><td>+noindent() provides an Excite index of static html pages that represent all </td><td>Paper, Article and Software templates. This is by far the most popular RePEc </td><td>user interface. </td><td> </td><td>furl(NEP: New Economics Papers)(http://netec.wustl.edu/NEP)+nl() </td><td>+noindent() is set of reports on new additions of papers to RePEc. </td><td>Each report is edited by subject specialists who receive information on all </td><td>new additions and then filter out the papers that are relevant to the </td><td>subject of the report. These subject specialists are PhD students and young </td><td>researchers. They work as volunteers. On 27 June 1999 there were 1766 </td><td>different email addresses that subscribed to at least one list. </td><td> </td><td>furl(Tilburg University Working papers and research memoranda)(http://www.kub.nl/~dbi/demomate/repref.htm)+nl() </td><td>This site also operates a Z39.50 server for all downloadable papers in </td><td>RePEc is available at dbiref.kub.nl:9997. The database name is </td><td>dq(repref). The attribute set is Bib-1, and the record syntax supported are </td><td>USmarc, SUTRS, GRS-1 (only string tags, tag type 3). </td><td> </td><td>furl(RuPEc)(http://www.ieie.nsc.ru/RuPEc)+nl() </td><td>is a server in Russian. It does not only provide search facilities </td><td>for Russian users but also archival facilities for Russian contributors. </td><td> </td><td>furl(INOMICS)(http://www.inomics.com/query/search)+nl() </td><td>not only </td><td>provides an index of RePEc data but also allows simultaneous searches </td><td>in indexes of other web pages related to Economics. </td><td> </td><td>The dq(Tilburg University Working papers and research memoranda) service is </td><td>operated by a library-based group that has received funding from the </td><td>European Union. INOMICS is operated by the Economics consultancy </td><td>url(Berlecon)(http://www.berlecon.de). All the other user services are </td><td>operated by junior academics. </td><td> </td><td>subsect(The usage of user services)label(sec:upta) </td><td> </td><td>Thomas Krichel founded both the WoPEc user service in 1993 and NEP in </td><td>1998. Jos\'e Manuel Barrueco has been the intensively involved in WoPEc </td><td>user education. Our experience suggests that the average users from </td><td>developed countries are at the postgraduate and doctoral level. There are </td><td>many users in developing countries. In these countries the user commonity </td><td>includes more senior levels, ie()more junior academics and professional </td><td>researchers rather than students. For them the RePEc user services are one </td><td>of the very few means to get hold of research papers. We think that this is </td><td>the most rewarding aspect of our work. The free provision of RePEc helps to </td><td>reduce the gap between the informationally rich and the informationally </td><td>poor. </td><td> </td><td>The use of RePEc services among senior academics in the developed countries </td><td>seems to be low. Is this because these people are too much set in their </td><td>ways to use these modern facilities? We do not think so. </td><td>Some people think that the low usage by tenured academics </td><td> We believe that </td><td>the current user services do not meet the information needs of these </td><td>people. Academics do not need large-scale information services that they </td><td>can search. The larger the scale the more likely they are to find </td><td>information they did not seek and the less likely they are to find </td><td>information that they want. Since they are working within a very narrow </td><td>field and only have little time to read a small amount of literature </td><td>small-scale information services are more tailored to their needs. In </td><td>addition the contents of the service should be highly selective. Among the </td><td>current user services that are built on the RePEc data, NEP comes closest </td><td>to such services. Our anecdotal evidence suggests that this is the service </td><td>that has the largest proportion of tenured academics. </td><td> </td><td>RePEc as such can not provide small-scale user services. It can only </td><td>provide the basis for such user services to exist. We are aware of two </td><td>approaches to build such services. Section 4 of </td><td>latexcommand(\citeN{serpar99online}) whenhtml(url(Krichel, Lyapunov and </td><td>Parinov (1999))(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk/papers/zhenya.pdf)) </td><td>describes design features for a current awareness portal system where each </td><td>researcher could register the subject and type of records that she is </td><td>interested in. The portal would then be able to inform the researcher about </td><td>new resources in her field. A second approach is outlined is Section 6 of </td><td>latexcommand(\citeN{kribau99edel}) whenhtml(url(Baum and Krichel </td><td>(1999))(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/AcMeS/edel.html)) Here the idea is to build </td><td>peer review web (dq(SurWeb)) services. These are supposed to extend NEP to </td><td>full peer review. It is too early to speculate if such a system can be put </td><td>into place. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>sect(Conclusions)label(sec:conc) </td><td> </td><td>The free provision of educational material can be implemented through a </td><td>central institution. Such an institution needs to be subsidized by central </td><td>funds. The alternative is to provide the resources by a large number of </td><td>agents. Then the cost of providing access can be absorbed within each </td><td>institution. In that case the question of a comprehensive catalog </td><td>arises. Such a catalog is needed to provide access to the collection in a </td><td>unified way. </td><td> </td><td>In this paper we have dealt with the provision of a key resource </td><td>ie()academic papers. We have presented a collection of metadata that is </td><td>provided by decentralized archives. We have found that it is possible to </td><td>build such a collection to a reasonable degree of accuracy if some archives </td><td>where mistakes occur are aided by others. There needs to be a small group </td><td>of people who actively support the collection. However this support can be </td><td>given in decentralized fashion without the need for much coordination </td><td>between supporters. </td><td> </td><td>The academic library commonity in the United Kingdom as a whole has made a </td><td>important contribution to RePEc by donating funds to the work of the WoPEc </td><td>project. This has allowed the WoPEc project to collect metadata about </td><td>papers that are published by institutions that are not yet contributing to </td><td>RePEc. This was a vital aspect of WoPEc project. The data collected by </td><td>WoPEc constituted 90% of the RePEc data when RePEc was founded. However </td><td>nowadays that proportion is falling. The funding for WoPEc has run out but </td><td>the WoPEc web site continues to expand because of the contributions by made </td><td>by RePEc archives. The software is maintained by volunteers. </td><td> </td><td>Librarians should carefully consider the vision of the project. This is a </td><td>kind of academic self-organization where academics publish and catalog their </td><td>own work. RePEc benefits from network externalities. The more academics join </td><td>the more those who have not joined will feel pressure to join. If the data is </td><td>freely available than authors can commonicate with their peers without the need </td><td>of intermediaries. The providers of intermediation services have every reason </td><td>to be worried. They include publishers em(and)+latexcommand(\/) librarians. If </td><td>librarians do not play a more active part by supporting developments like RePEc </td><td>there will be no more r\^ole for them in the future. Write to </td><td>url(RePEc@netec.mcc.ac.uk)(mailto:repec@netec.mcc.ac.uk) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>latexcommand(\bibliography{bib}) </td><td> </td><td>whenhtml( </td><td><hr> </td><td>The work </td><td> discussed here has received financial support by the Joint </td><td> Information Systems Committee of the UK Higher Education Funding </td><td> Councils through its </td><td> url(Electronic Library Programme)(http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib). </td><td> We are grateful to </td><td> url(Christopher F. Baum)(http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-V/Baum.fac.html), </td><td> url(Robert P. Parks)(http://wueconb.wustl.edu/~bob/), </td><td> url(Thorsten Wichmann)(http://www.berlecon.de) and </td><td> url(Christian Zimmermann)(http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14160/index.html) </td><td> for comments on the questionnaires. The topic of </td><td> link(Subsection ref(sec:upta))(sec:upta) </td><td> was suggested by url(Jane Greenberg)(http://ils.unc.edu/~janeg). </td><td> url(William L. Goffe)(http://wuecon.wustl.edu/~goffe/) and </td><td> Christian Zimmermann </td><td> made many helpful suggestions. </td><td> Sophie C. Rigny kindly pointed </td><td> out many stylistic and grammatical errors in an earlier version. </td><td>) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>htmlcommand(<p><hr><p><h2>Appendix: </td><td> The composition of the dataset by archive </td><td></h2><a name="sec:appe"></a> </td><td>) </td><td>latexcommand(\appendix%\setcounter{table}{4}) </td><td> </td><td>whenlatex(sect(The composition of the dataset by archive)) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>latexcommand(\setcounter{table}{4}) </td><td>latexcommand({\small) </td><td>longtable(11)(lrlrlrlrlrl)( </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(School of Economics and Management, University of Aarhus, Denmark)(ftp://ftp.eco.aau.dk/RePEc/aah))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:aah)cellr(2)celll(series)cellr(200)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(162)celll(errors)cellr(5)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Ecological Economics Program RePEc Archive)(http://cres20.anu.edu.au/anzsee/RePEc/anu))) 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ESRC Center for Economic Learning and Social Evolution)(ftp://ada.econ.ucl.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/els))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:els)cellr(1)celll(series)cellr(57)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Fed in Print)(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/NetEc/RePEc/fip ))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:fip)cellr(107)celll(series)cellr(4682)celll(papers)cellr(8819)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(BibEc Project)(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/NetEc/RePEc/fth))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:fth)cellr(400)celll(series)cellr(28759)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(S-WoBA, Swedish Working Papers in Business Administration)(ftp://swopec.hhs.se/RePEc/hhb))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:hhb)cellr(2)celll(series)cellr(12)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(2)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(S-WoPEc, Swedish Working Papers in Economics)(ftp://swopec.hhs.se/RePEc/hhs))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:hhs)cellr(9)celll(series)cellr(536)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(2)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.)(http://nberws.nber.org/RePEc/nbr/))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:nbr)cellr(4)celll(series)cellr(7684)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(1)celll(error)cellr(2966)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Russian Working Paper Archive for Economists and Sociologists)(ftp://www.ieie.nsc.ru/pub/RePEc/nos/ </td><td>URL: http://www.ieie.nsc.ru/~rupec/RePEc/nos/))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:nos)cellr(1)celll(series)cellr(8)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Reserve Bank of Australia)(http://www.rba.gov.au/RePEc/))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:rba)cellr(1)celll(series)cellr(249)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(334)celll(errors)cellr(758)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Review of Economic Dynamics)(ftp://crefe.dse.uqam.ca/pub/RePEc/red/))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:red)cellr(2)celll(series)cellr(0)celll(papers)cellr(62)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(4)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(University of Surrey Economics Department)(ftp://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/sur))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:sur)cellr(1)celll(series)cellr(10)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Trinity College Dublin)(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/tcd/))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:tcd)cellr(2)celll(series)cellr(8)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(1)celll(warning)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Economics Working Paper Series at Texas )(ftp://mundo.eco.utexas.edu/pub/care/RePEc/tex))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:tex)cellr(1)celll(series)cellr(20)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(6)celll(errors)cellr(1)celll(warning)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(Universidad de Valencia, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas)(ftp://ftp.uv.es/pub/econom/RePEc/val))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:val)cellr(7)celll(series)cellr(151)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(WoPEc Project)(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/NetEc/RePEc/wop))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:wop)cellr(205)celll(series)cellr(4763)celll(papers)cellr(804)celll(articles)cellr(58)celll(errors)cellr(12)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(WUSTL archive)(ftp://netec.wustl.edu/RePEc/wpa))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:wpa)cellr(25)celll(series)cellr(1142)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(1)celll(error)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>row(cellsl(11)(url(WoPEc UK Archive)(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/NetEc/RePEc/wuk))) </td><td>row(celll(RePEc:wuk)cellr(46)celll(series)cellr(1585)celll(papers)cellr(0)celll(articles)cellr(0)celll(errors)cellr(0)celll(warnings)) </td><td>)(The controlled archives) </td><td> </td><td>latexcommand(}) </td><td> </td><td>COMMENT( </td><td>There is a central archive RePEc:all, that mirrors all the </td><td>em(???arch.rdf) and em(???seri.rdf) files from all archives. It </td><td>also contains the software that allows sites to mirror archives. RePEc:all </td><td>also provides reading and checking software for templates as well as </td><td>general RePEc documentation. This archive lives at </td><td>tturl(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/all). </td><td>) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>COMMENT( </td><td> LocalWords: notableofcontents whenlatex latexcommand otnote Thorsten Wichmann </td><td> LocalWords: Zimmermann thispagestyle vfill ll Tarongers tturl barrueco endash </td><td> LocalWords: abs interoperable dq ref indi soci conc Longrightarrow gt guil lr </td><td> LocalWords: htmlcommand redi subsect citeN petdeu homepage XML emdash WUStL </td><td> LocalWords: allowbreak Shuetrim Parinov cont loos celll cellr wpa wuk hhb fth </td><td> LocalWords: fip bbk cpr nbr ecm val apr boc nos cre bru tex tcd subsubsect ie </td><td> LocalWords: WoBa sunkar whenhtml Fethy's suppo Kurmanov farty bendtt rech jel </td><td> LocalWords: rela URLs admin webmaster lrlrl attent dgr lrllrllrl attr templ </td><td> LocalWords: redif eval fileformat regex RFC yyyy dd longtable lrlrlrlrlrl aah </td><td> LocalWords: cellsl anu bca bej Berlecon ber boe bon bro caf ccd Centre cep Co </td><td> LocalWords: CEPII cii cje Levine's cla CEPREMAP cpm cty dal UPV EHU ehu Eni </td><td> LocalWords: Fondazione Mattei fem fmg Universitaet Wirtschaftswissenschaften </td><td> LocalWords: fra gla hwe IGIER Innocenzo Gasparini igi Jena jen CoFE knz lec </td><td> LocalWords: Leicester Disccussion Ingber lei Universite Laval Departement lvl </td><td> LocalWords: d'economique NUIM mce mcl McMaster mcm Universidad Publica UPNA </td><td> LocalWords: Navarra nav Nir Dagan Volij nid Netnomics nnm nsr SUNY Oswego nyo </td><td> LocalWords: osu Cramton pcc qeh sbu CSEF sef Li ge Econonomics SEII sei sie </td><td> LocalWords: Siegen sus tor UPO Scienze Politiche uca uia ukc umd Pompeu Fabra </td><td> LocalWords: upf vic Globalisation Regionalisation CSGR wck SFB xrs yor Brunel </td><td> LocalWords: Birkbeck Universtiy CREFE dur ESRC rba Facultad Ciencias noindent </td><td> LocalWords: Economicas Tilburg RuPEc upta serpar Lyapunov kribau edel SurWeb </td><td> LocalWords: coar Haworth mySQL consultancy informationally Programme hr appe </td><td> LocalWords: tcounter tlength tabcolsep eal txt MSdos heterodox co Este creo </td><td> LocalWords: ejemplo que es claro lo quitaria pues aporta nada nuevo solamente </td><td> LocalWords: matiza un nivel puede confundir lector Por adir aqui grafico mas </td><td> LocalWords: Quedaria mucho Si quieres tenemos tiempo puedo practicar poco Una </td><td> LocalWords: vez hemos dise uno podemos aplicarlo toda documentacion jmbc por </td><td> LocalWords: Tipica pregunta pueden hacer otro formato aceptado como DC eg si </td><td> LocalWords: necesaria lista involveh Qu ebec esta frase da impresion archivos </td><td> LocalWords: obra una institucion debe garantizar su permanencia pero verdad </td><td> LocalWords: indicador seria cuando dejado actualizarse desde hace Quizas otra </td><td> LocalWords: habria notar falta bibliotecarios enfatizar catalogacion ahora yo </td><td> LocalWords: manos los autores distribuidores anecdota Aunque muy para unos UK </td><td> LocalWords: significativa entenderla necesitan conocimientos seguramente aun </td><td> LocalWords: tiene encuantra ninguna siga leyendo articulo ser Rigny Mili's de </td><td> LocalWords: ole INCLUDEFILE jagt mac url RePEc Baum sec Goffe Jos Krichel Ci </td><td> LocalWords: Biblioteca encies Socials Gregori Maians Universitat encia dels </td><td> LocalWords: Guildford GU XH thomas krichel PDF WoPEc downloadable offline ftp </td><td> LocalWords: repec http al NEP metadata mir undisputedly ReDIF ocumentation se </td><td> LocalWords: nformation ormat sur surarch rdf surseri surrec WorkPlace pdf hhs </td><td> LocalWords: Karlsson IAFA Valencia Sune Montr EconWPA xxx Fethy Mili perl nl </td><td> LocalWords: Universit homepages seri BibEc html NetEc repref USmarc SUTRS GRS </td><td> LocalWords: INOMICS WoBA WAIS Heriot </td><td>)

INCLUDEFILE(jagt_mac.yo) notableofcontents() article(Distributed Cataloging on the Internet: the RePEc project +whenlatex(+latexcommand(\footnote{)The work discussed here has received financial support by the Joint Information Systems Committee of the UK Higher Education Funding Councils through its url(Electronic Library Programme)(http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib). We are grateful to url(Christopher F. Baum)(http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-V/Baum.fac.html), url(Robert P. Parks)(http://wueconb.wustl.edu/~bob/), url(Thorsten Wichmann)(http://www.berlecon.de) and url(Christian Zimmermann)(http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14160/index.html) for comments on the questionnaires. url(William L. Goffe)(http://wuecon.wustl.edu/~goffe/) and Christian Zimmermann made many helpful suggestions. The topic of link(Subsection ref(sec:upta))(sec:upta) was suggested by url(Jane Greenberg)(http://ils.unc.edu/~janeg). Sophie C. Rigny kindly pointed out many stylistic and grammatical errors in an earlier version. +latexcommand(}))) (Jos\'e Manuel Barrueco Cruz and Thomas Krichel) () latexcommand(\thispagestyle{empty}) latexcommand(\vfill\begin{center}) table(2)(ll)(row(cell(url(Jos\'e Manuel Barrueco Cruz)(http://www.uv.es/~barrueco )) cell(url(Thomas Krichel)(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk))) row(cell(url(Biblioteca de Ci\`encies Socials dq(Gregori Maians))(http://www.uv.es/econweb/)) cell(url(Department of Economics)(http://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk))) row(cell(url(Universitat de Val\`encia)(http://www.uv.es)) cell(url(University of Surrey)(http://www.surrey.ac.uk))) row(cell(Campus dels Tarongers s/n) cell(Stag Hill)) row(cell( 46071 Val\`encia ) cell( Guildford GU2 5XH )) row(cell( Spain ) cell( United Kingdom)) row(cell(url(jose.barrueco@uv.es)(mailto:jose.barrueco@uv.es)) cell(url(T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk)(mailto:T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk))) whenlatex(row(cell(tturl(http://www.uv.es/ +latexcommand(~)barrueco)) cell(tturl(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk)))) row(cell( ) cell( RePEc:per:1965+endash()06+endash()05:thomas_krichel))) +latexcommand(\end{center}) abs(Cataloging educational resources requires a finer level of granularity than many other objects. Collecting that data is a costly process to achieve and manage. One possible approach towards cataloging these resources is to get a commonity of providers involved in cataloging the materials that they provide. This paper introduces RePEc of http://netec.wust.edu/RePEc, as an example for such an approach. RePEc is mainly a catalog of research papers in Economics. It is based on set of over 80 archives which all work independently but yet are interoperable. They together provide data about almost 60,000 preprints and over 10,000 published articles. In principle each institution participating in RePEc provides its own papers by providing and maintaining an archive. The key issue of the paper is to evaluate the success of that decentralized approach in providing data of reasonable quality. ) latexcommand(\vfill) Jos\'e Manuel Barrueco Cruz is a librarian at the Universitat de Val\`encia. Thomas Krichel is a lecturer in Economics at the University of Surrey. Both welcome comments on this paper, write to wopec@netec.mcc.ac.uk. whenlatex(This paper is available online at tturl(http://openlib.org/home/krichel/papers/jagt.html).) whenhtml(This paper is url(available in PDF)(http://openlib.org/home/krichel/papers/jagt.pdf).) latexcommand(\vfill) sect(Introduction) The Electronic dissemination of Economics working papers can be traced back to the start of the Working Papers in Economics (url(WoPEc)(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/WoPEc.html)) project in April 1993. By May 1999 this single archive has grown into an interconnected network of over 80 archives holding over 14,000 downloadable working papers and over 50,000 descriptions of offline papers from close to 1,000 series. The network of archives is called url(RePEc)(http://netec.wust.edu/RePEc). This term is was initially conceived to stand for dq(Research Papers in Economics). Nowadays it is best understood as a literal, because the objectives of RePEc go way beyond a database of scientific papers. In link(Section ref(sec:repec))(sec:repec) we will introduce some of the broader aspects of RePEc. RePEc data is freely available, in the sense that the provider pays for the provision of the data, not the user. In order to make such a system viable without public subsidy, the cost of providing the data must be spread among many agents+footnote(understood here and in the rest of the paper as a person or institution). This requirement has been a feature of RePEc right from the start of the collection in May 1997. Each participating provider sets up an archive on a http or ftp server. The archive supports the storage of structural data about objects relevant to Economics, and possibly the storage of some of the objects themselves. All objects in RePEc are uniquely identified following by handles. RePEc data can be accessed through a plethora of user services. Some are heavily used, for example the dq(url(IDEAS)(http://ideas.uqam.ca)) user service had one million hits in just over 2 moths in 1999. The main interest of this paper is to examine the collection aspect of the data. The idea that a coherent literature catalog can be put together by a large group of people who are physically dispersed and have very little personal commonication without the need of extensive training nor intensive coordination remains to be demonstrated. At the time of writing this paper RePEc is two years old. We feel that this is a good time to review the operations of RePEc and the data that it has collected. Clearly the RePEc data is in a constant state of flux. To keep matters simple we took a dump of the data on 1 May 1999. In this paper we are only referring to the state of the data on that date. There are some aspects of RePEc that this paper does not discuss. We eschew any mentioning of the data on software, books, etc to concentrate on the collection of traditional academic papers be they preprints or published articles. This data forms the bulk of the present collection. We also leave out the personal and institutional data which are is not included in the papers and article templates. We aim to use such data to build a fully relational database system that describes Economics as a discipline. We will report on such efforts in future papers. In link(Section ref(sec:indi))(sec:indi) we describe the setup of an individual archive through the use of an example. In link(Section ref(sec:soci))(sec:soci) we look at the actual network of archives and the social fabric that supports them. In link(Section ref(sec:data))(sec:data) we look at some aggregative aspects of the complete RePEc dataset. In link(Section ref(sec:user))(sec:user) we introduce the user services that implement RePEc data. link(Section ref(sec:conc))(sec:conc) concludes this paper with an overall evaluation of the methods used by RePEc. sect(RePEc)label(sec:repec) The nature of RePEc is not precisely defined. Most people think about it as a collection of archives and services that provide data about Economics. More precisely, RePEc is most commonly understood as referring to three things. First it is a collection of archives that provide data about Economics. Second it is the data that is found on these archives. Third, it is often also understood to represent the set of agents who build archives and channel the data from the archives to the users. In that latter sense RePEc has no formal management structure. RePEc has two aims. The dq(cataloging aim) is to provide a complete description of the Economics discipline that is available on the Internet. The dq(publishing aim) is to provide em(free)+latexcommand() access to Economics resources on the Internet. COMMENT(--- Este ejemplo creo que no es claro. Yo lo quitaria pues no aporta nada nuevo, solamente matiza lo anterior a un nivel que puede confundir al lector These aims are sometimes conflicting. For example, let us assume that a certain amount of money is available for cataloging purposes. Then the library objective might be best served by using these funds to gather information about a high-quality toll-gated journal resource, whereas the publishing objective would be better served by considering a collection that is on the Internet and may not be of the same quality since it has not yet been extensively peer-reviewed. RePEc has ambition to become involved in peer-review; however it can be used to support peer review. An initial move into that direction is the NEP project that we will mention again in link(Section ref(sec:user))(sec:user). --- ) The basic principle of RePEc can be summarized as follows center( Many archives +latexcommand( $\Longrightarrow$ ) +htmlcommand( ---> )One dataset+latexcommand( $\Longrightarrow$ ) +htmlcommand( ---> ) Many services ) Basic RePEc concepts are: archive, site and service. itemize( it() An dq(archive) is a space on a public access computer system which makes data available. It is a place where original data enters the system. The is no need to run any software other than an ftp or http daemon that makes the files in the archive available upon request. Each archive is identified by a three-letter code. Some elementary metadata about the archive like its name, its url and some basic contents information are polled by a special central archive with the handle RePEc:all, where dq(RePEc) is the naming authority and dq(all) is the archive code. it()A dq(site) is a collection of archives on the same computer system. It usually consists of a local archive augmented by frequently updated (dq(mirrored)) copies of remote archives. it()A dq(service) is a rendering of RePEc data in a form that is available to the end user. ) All archives hold papers and metadata about papers, as well as software that is useful to maintain archives. Everything contained in an archive may be mirrored. For example, if the full text of a paper is in the archive, it may be mirrored. If the archive does not wish the full text to be mirrored, it can store the papers outside the archive. The advantage of this dq(remote storage) is that the archive maintainer will get a complete set of access logs to the file. The disadvantage is that every request for the file will have to be served from the local archive rather than from the RePEc site that the user is accessing. Of course an archive may also contain data about documents that are exclusively available in print. There is no need for every site to mirror the complete contents of every archive in the system. To conserve disk space and bandwidth some sites only mirror bibliographic information rather than the documents that an archive may contain. Others mirror all the files of an archive. Others may mirror only parts of a few archives. The software that is used to mirror the archive is provided at RePEc:all. It first mirrors the central archive. This software then reads a configuration file and then writes batch calls to the popular dq(url(mirror)(http://sunsite.ic.ac.uk/mirror)) program for ftp and the dq(url(w3mir)(http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/w3mir/)) script for http archives. An obvious way to organize the mirroring process would be to mirror the data of all archives to a central location. This central location would in turn be mirrored to the other RePEc sites. The founders of RePEc did not adopt that solution, because it would be quite vulnerable to mistakes at the central site. Instead each site installs the mirroring software and mirrors dq(on its own), so to speak. Not all of them adopt the same frequency of updating. Many update every night, but a minority only updates every week. It is therefore not known how long it takes for a new item to be propagated through the system. Each service has its own name. A service that is based on mirrored scripts may run on many locations. Within reason, all services are free to use any part of the RePEc data as they see fit. For example a service may only show papers that are available electronically, others may restrict the choice further to act as quality filters. In this way services implement constraints on the data, whether they be availability constraints or quality constraints. The user service infrastructure is quite well developed, we list the most important ones in link(Section ref(sec:user))(sec:user). This distribution via the several user services is undisputedly successful feature of RePEc. It is therefore not given further attention here. COMMENT(--- Por que no añadir aqui un grafico? Quedaria mucho mas claro. Si quieres y tenemos tiempo yo puedo practicar un poco con el latex... Una vez que hemos diseñado uno podemos aplicarlo a toda la documentacion ... ---) sect(The structure of an archive)label(sec:indi) RePEc stands on two pillars. First, an em(attribute):em(value) template metadata format called ReDIF. This acronym stands for em(Re)search em(D)ocumentation em(I)nformation em(F)ormat but it is best understood as a literal. ReDIF defines a number of templates. Each templates describes an object in RePEc. It has a set of allowable fields, mandatory, and some repeatable. The second pillar is the Guildford protocol. It fixes rules how to store ReDIF in an archive. It basically indicates which files may contain which templates. It is possible to deploy ReDIF without using the Guildford protocol. But in the following we will ignore this conceptual distinction, because it is easiest to understand the structure and contents of an archive through an example. This is done in link(Subsection ref(sec:guil))(sec:guil). Therefore we will list files in the way required by the protocol as well as the contents of the file that is in fact written in ReDIF. This is done in link(Subsection ref(sec:guil))(sec:guil). We return to technical aspects of ReDIF in link(Subsection ref(sec:redi))(sec:redi). subsect(The Guildford Protocol)label(sec:guil) RePEc identifies each archive by a simple identifier or handle. Here we look at the archive RePEc:sur which lives at tturl(ftp://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/sur). On the root directory of the archive, there are two mandatory files. The file em(surarch.rdf) contains a single ReDIF archive template. verb(Template-type: ReDIF-Archive 1.0 Name: University of Surrey Economics Department Maintainer-Email: T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk Description: This archive provides research papers from the Department of Economics of the University of Surrey, in the U.K. URL: ftp://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/sur Homepage: http://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk Handle: RePEc:sur) In this file we find basic information about the archive. The other mandatory file is em(surseri.rdf). It must contain one or more series templates. verb(Template-Type: ReDIF-Series 1.0 Name: Surrey Economics Online Papers Publisher-Name: University of Surrey, Department of Economics Publisher-Homepage: http://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk Maintainer-Name: Thomas Krichel Maintainer-Email: T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk Handle: RePEc:sur:surrec) These two files are the only mandatory files in the Guildford protocol. If these are the only files present in the archive then all the archive is doing is to reserve the archive and the series codes. All documents have to be in a series. The papers for the series RePEc:sur:surrec are confined to a directory called em(surrec). It may contain files of any type. Any file ending in dq(.rdf) is considered to contain ReDIF templates. Let us consider one of them, em(surrec)/em(surrec9601.rdf)+footnote(We suppress the Abstract: field to conserve space.)+verb(Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Title: Dynamic Aspect of Growth and Fiscal Policy Author-Name: Thomas Krichel Author-Email: T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk Author-Name: Paul Levine Author-Email: P.Levine@surrey.ac.uk Author-WorkPlace-Name: University of Surrey Classification-JEL: C61; E21; E23; E62; O41 File-URL: ftp://www.econ.surrey.ac.uk/pub/ RePEc/sur/surrec/surrec9601.pdf File-Format: application/pdf Creation-Date: 199603 Revision-Date: 199711 Handle: RePEc:sur:surrec:9601) COMMENT( Note that in this example the full text of the paper is located within the archive directory structure itself. Therefore the full text is mirrored together with the bibliographic data. Services can then link to a mirrored copy of the full text. If the URL of the paper would point to a place outside the archive structure, the link to the full text would always point to that location. ) Note that we have two authors here. The dq(Author-WorkPlace-Name) attribute only applies to the second author. We will come discuss this point now. subsect(The ReDIF metadata)label(sec:redi) COMMENT(jmbc(---Tipica pregunta que nos pueden hacer: por que ReDIF y no otro formato mas aceptado como.... el DC? ---)) The ReDIF metadata is mainly an extension of the latexcommand(\citeN{petdeu94publishing}) whenhtml(url(Karlsson and Krichel (1999))(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk/papers/lindi.html)) commonly known as the IAFA templates. In particular it borrows the idea of clusters from the draft quote( There are certain classes of data elements, such as contact information, which occur every time an individual, group or organization needs to be described. Such data as names, telephone numbers, postal and email addresses etc. fall into this category. To avoid repeating these common elements explicitly in every template below, we define dq(clusters) which can then be referred to in a shorthand manner in the actual template definitions. ) ReDIF takes a slightly different approach to clusters. A cluster is a group of fields that jointly describe a repeatable attribute of the resource. This is best understood by an example. A paper may have several authors. For each author we may have several fields that we are interested in, the name, email address, homepage etc. If we have several authors then we have several such groups of attributes. In addition each author may be affiliated with several institutions. Here each institution may be described by several attributes for its name, homepage etc. Thus a nested data structure is required. It is evident that this requirement is best served in a syntax that explicitly allows for it such as XML. However in 1997+emdash()when ReDIF was designed+emdash()XML was not available. We are still convinced that the template syntax is more human readable and easier understood. However the computer can not find which attributes correspond to the same cluster unless some ordering is introduced. We proceed as follows. For each group of arguments that make up a cluster we specify one attribute as the dq(key) attribute. Whenever the key attribute appears a new cluster is supposed to begin. For example if the cluster describes a person then the name is the key. If an dq(author-email) appears without an dq(author-name) preceding it the parsing software aborts the processing of the template . Note that the designation of key attributes is not a feature of ReDIF. It is a feature of the template syntax of ReDIF. It is only the syntax that makes nesting more involved. We do not think that this is an important shortcoming. In fact we believe that the nested structure involving the persons and organizations should not be included in the document templates. What should be done instead is to separate the personal information out of the document templates into separate person templates verb(Template-Type: ReDIF-Person 1.0 Name: Thomas Krichel Email: T.Krichel@surrey.ac.uk Author-Paper: RePEc:sur:surrec:9404 Author-Paper: RePEc:sur:surrec:9601 Homepage: http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk Handle: RePEc:per:1965-06-05:thomas_krichel) We can then replace the author information for the first author in the paper template for +bendtt(RePEc:sur:surrec:9601) by verb(Author-Name: Thomas Krichel Author-Person: RePEc:per:1965-06-05:thomas_krichel) The benefits of such a relational structure are clear. There is a much reduced load on administration of the system. When one element of author data+emdash()+eg()her phone number+emdash()changes, this change has to be registered at only one point in the system. A pervasive use of these relational features will allow the resolution of current author information through the current person template of the author. The user of a RePEc service would therefore find the author of the paper even though the contact information on the paper's title page may no longer be current. We leave the implementation of such systems for future work. sect(The archives)label(sec:soci) The main issue of this paper is to evaluate if the decentralized collection of conventional bibliographic data works on the Internet. Given the requirements on the data that we have sketched in the previous section, will the staff at the providing institutions be able to supply it? This question is addressed in this section. In order to understand how the archive work in practice, we look at the social structure supporting the archives. We set out our understanding about how archives are maintained internally and supported externally. In theory all providers are equal. They all read the same documentation; then they all register once with the same central archive etc. In practice some are more equal than others. These people are not only are involved in the operation of a local archive but they also itemize( it()act as consultants for the erection of new archives it()work on implementation software it()develop and maintain RePEc services ) For the purpose of this paper it is therefore useful to think about these persons as a small dq(RePEc team) whose members share roughly the same knowledge and enthusiasm. It consists of itemize( it()url(Jos\'e Manuel Barrueco Cruz)(http://www.uv.es/~barrueco), Assistant Librarian, url(Universitat de Val\`encia)(http://www.uv.es) it()Christopher Baum, Associate Professor of Economics, Boston College it()url(Sune Karlsson)(http://www.hhs.se/personal/sunek), Assistant Professor, url(Stockholm School of Economics)(http://www.hhs.se/) it()Thomas Krichel, lecturer in Economics, url(University of Surrey)(http://www.surrey.ac.uk) it()Sergei I. Parinov, Head of the Department for Information Technologies in the Economic System at url(Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science)(http://www.ieie.nsc.ru) it() Robert P. Parks, Professor of Economics, Washington University St.+tilde()Louis it()Geoff Shuetrim, Researcher, Reserve Bank of Australia it() url(Christian Zimmermann)(http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14160/index.html), Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Qu\'ebec at Montr\'eal. ) The level of involvement of these persons varies. But for the purpose of this study these people are assumed to be equal. This assumption allows us to bring forward the following definition. We say that an archive is dq(controlled) if it is managed by a member of the RePEc team or managed by a person working under the supervision of a team member. The other archives will be called dq(loose) archives. These archives are not under the direct control of a member of the RePEc team. We will address the controlled and loose archive in link(Subsection ref(sec:cont))(sec:cont) and link(Subsection ref(sec:loos))(sec:loos) respectively. subsect(The controlled archives)label(sec:cont) Within the controlled archives we distinguish five categories. enumerate( it()dq(archives of controlled collections) bring together material collected from different sources. The data collection effort is made by a member of the RePEc team or an agent working directly under her control. it()dq(archives of hosted collections) combine material collected from different sources. The data collection effort is made by a person outside the RePEc team but where the RePEc archive where the data is held in the form of ReDIF is on a disk to which a member of the RePEc team has write access. it()dq(archives of hosted sources) are archives for data from a single source that is provided by a person outside the RePEc team. The RePEc archive where the data is held in the form of ReDIF is on a disk to which a member of the RePEc team has write access. it()dq(archives that host private sources) are archives for data from a single source that is provided by a person who belongs to the RePEc team. it()dq(dead archives) are archives that are no longer being maintained on the host where they lived originally and that have been moved to a site that is controlled by a member of the RePEc team. ) Table 1 lists the archives within these categories. +latexcommand(\setlength\tabcolsep{0em}\begin{table}) table(2)(lr)( row(celll(em(type))cellr(em(codes of archives))) row( celll(controlled collections) cellr(RePEc:wpa RePEc:wop RePEc:wuk RePEc:hhs RePEc:hhb) ) row( celll(hosted collections) cellr(RePEc:fth RePEc:fip) ) row( celll(hosted source) cellr(RePEc:bbk RePEc:cpr RePEc:nbr RePEc:red RePEc:ecm RePEc:els) ) row( celll(controlled sources) cellr(RePEc:val RePEc:sur RePEc:apr RePEc:boc RePEc:nos) ) row( celll( ) cellr(RePEc:ecm RePEc:cre) ) row( celll(dead archives) cellr(RePEc:bru RePEc:tex RePEc:tcd))) +latexcommand(\caption{The controlled archives} \label{tab:a}\end{table} \setlength\tabcolsep{.2em}) COMMENT( +latexcommand(\caption{The data in article and paper templates} \end{table}) ) subsubsect(Controlled collections) The RePEc:wop archive contains the data from the WoPEc project. This project was opened by Thomas Krichel in April 1993. At that time he placed the first electronic working paper in the discipline. During the following two years the emphasis of the archive shifted towards the description of remote documents, ie()those which are not available on the local server. In 1998, as a result of a major collection and awareness raising effort undertaken by the WoPEc project in the United Kingdom the part of the RePEc:wop data that related to series in this country was taken out to form the RePEc:wuk archive. The maintenance of the series from outside the United Kingdom was contracted out to a team at the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences working under the leadership of Sergei Parinov. RePEc:wpa is the data from the Economics working paper archive at WUStL (EconWPA) as operated by Bob Parks. url(EconWPA)(http://econwpa.wustl.edu) opened in September 1993. It is a collection of electronic papers. It operates through author submissions in a much similar way as the url(xxx)(http://xxx.lanl.gov) operates for Physics. Authors upload their papers with the archive and supply the bibliographic information themselves. In 1997 a converter was written by the Siberian team that converts these internal data to ReDIF. RePEc:hhs and RePEc:hhb archives maintained by the url(S-WoPEc) (http://swopec.hhs.se/) and url(S-WoBa)(http://swoba.hhs.se/) projects. These are Swedish national collections that gather data from many institutes. Section 4 of latexcommand(\citeN{sunkar99repec})whenhtml(url(Karlsson and Krichel (1999))(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk/papers/lindi.html)) contains a comprehensive description of the way that these projects operate. subsubsect(Hosted collections) RePEc:fth is by far the largest archive. It has over 28,000 papers but none of them are downloadable. It is a database produced by Fethy Mili, the Economics Departmental Librarian at Universit\'e de Montr\'eal. He collects data on printed working papers that he receives. His collection is one of the largest on this planet. He receives about 300 series. In order to update the holdings in the archive he uploads an ASCII dump of its recent additions to the database. He then activates three scripts. These convert his data to ReDIF, add the new data to existing stock, remove duplications+footnote(that involves some manual work) and clean the file space. These scripts have been written by Thomas Krichel. He has direct access to Fethy Mili's files. They also collaborate to ensure that there are not many duplications between the data in RePEc:fth and the data provided in other archives. This effort requires the collaboration of the other archives as well. Clearly, data supplied directly by the provider of the papers is preferable to data supplied by an intermediary. However the data of the providers does not stretch as far back as Fethy's data. Ideally there should be a transfer of the data from the RePEc:fth archive to the archive of the original provider. The provider should then consolidate their data with the data from RePEc. There are cases where such a consolidation has been successful. However there are some cases where this consolidation is still forthcoming. In those cases there are double holdings of data. RePEc:fip contains the contents of the Federal Reserve of the United States' dq(Fed in Print) database. This database is a centrally collected database for all the documents that the Fed publishes. Every regional branch contributes data to the collections. These contribution sends a text dump via email to Thomas Krichel who then runs a converter that will then write the data into the ReDIF format. A similar process has been working since 1994, when the US Fed became the first governmental organization to contribute to the collection. subsubsect(Controlled sources) These are archives that make material available from a single provider. RePEc:nbr and RePEc:els are based on the machine of the provider. For others the providers use a variety of means to bring the data to a machine of the RePEc team member. RePEc:cpr use the most primitive way by physically delivering disks to Thomas Krichel. subsubsect(Dead archives) RePEc:bru, RePEc:tex and RePEc:tcd are dead. These are archives that are no longer being maintained and are kept at a site under the control of a member of a RePEc team. It is not clear at what stage the archive is no longer being maintained. The best indication comes when an archive maintainer informs a member of the RePEc team that she is leaving the workplace where she built the archive. Another indication is that the archive can no longer be found at the url indicated in the archive template.+footnote(Note that it is possible to move an archive without notifying the keeper of the RePEc:all archive. To do that the old and new archives need to be held open simultaneously and the archive url must be set to the new archive on both locations until the RePEc:all archive has passed and taken a copy of the archive file with the new location.) Finally another indicator is when the archive has not been updated for a long time. There is currently no policy towards dead archives. It is likely that the number of dead archives will increase initially because the number of archives is increasing. Later the problem is likely to decline if the participation in RePEc becomes a common practice. COMMENT(jmbc(--- Otro indicador seria cuando ha dejado de actualizarse desde hace mucho tiempo. Por ejemplo Valencia...)) subsect(Provider support)label(sec:suppo) COMMENT( Software written by url(Ivan Kurmanov)(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk/~ivan) allows to read the data files ReDIF templates into a hashed array in perl. This software also allows to check if the templates have a valid syntax. The reading software will discard any template that contains a mistake. It mill also ignore any individual data element that contains a faulty syntax. This may appear a rather Draconian approach. ) The decentralized way of operating implies that any archive operator could write anything they like in the template. Racist, pornographic, arty-farty etc. expressions should be rare within the collection because each archive has to register with the keeper of the RePEc:all archive before the material from the archive can enter the RePEc distribution channels. Any check on the semantics of the contents has to be performed by the archive maintainer herself. They should be quite competent at performing this task since it they posses the local knowledge that is required. However to encode that information into the templates some dq(remote) or dq(global) knowledge is required. We aim at providing knowledge in the documentation. We also aim to give the archive maintainers feedback on their data. This is what we deal with in this section. In particular we aim to provide the contributors with reports on the validity of their data. When we undertook this study we sent an email to all providers of loose archives. This email contained details about the checks. The checks were not publicized before in this way. They were included in the guide for archive maintainers that Christian Zimmermann maintains at tturl(http://ideas.uqam.ca/ideas/maintain.html). But it can be confidently assumed that when the data were collected the error files had not been used. Let em(arc) be the three-letter code of an arbitrary archive. Then at bendtt(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/help/)+em(arc)+whenlatex( )+bendtt(.rech) we store the result of a syntax check. It would be too long and too tedious to list the contents here. However we invite the reader to url(inspect those files)(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/help/.). Note that these files are updated within a few hours of a change in the archive therefore the time stamp on the file will give a good indication for the time when the archive was last modified. The syntactic control is not the only one that we need to do. Since the templates are in fact within a relational framework we need to make sure that the relationships are valid. Even without the fully relational features that the dataset is aimed to eventually cover there are some relational features that need checking. For example, a paper handle bendtt(RePEc:arc:xyzxyx:1999-1) would make no sense if there is no series bendtt(RePEc:arc:xyzxyx) defined in the dataset. If this is not the case it is likely that a user service on the web for example would have at least one broken link that would point from the paper to its series or vice-versa. Note that the relational control is computationally much more involved than the syntactical check. The syntax check only needs to look at an individual template. The relational check needs to be aware of the complete dataset. This has some important implications for the idea of a decentralized and relational database. The full extent of these implications has yet to be revealed. For the moment moment we provide a relational check at bendtt(ftp://netec.mcc.ac.uk/pub/RePEc/help/)+em(arc)+bendtt(.rela). The last check is to control the url in the dataset. This is useful to find broken links to the full text of documents. A dataset as large as RePEc will never be completely error-free. There are many mistakes which are not machine-understandable and which therefore need human control. To deal with machine-understandable errors before they ever reach the user would be a desirable aim to reach. At the moment only the syntax check is performed at the time when the ReDIF data is read. Ideally one would like to see a check of the relational features as well as the control of the URLs be performed when the data is read. The only way that this could be done is to compute centrally a list of blacklisted templates. This is an area for future work. Finally there is an email discussion list for RePEc. It is called url(repec-admin)(http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/lists/repec-admin). This is essentially meant for the common concerns of archive providers. There is not a lot of traffic on the list, and questions concerning the maintenance of the archive. Most discussion concern general policy issues such as copyright and data on usage. We estimate that only about one in three archives have a representative on the list. subsect(The loose archives)label(sec:loos) In order to gather some data about the loose archives we sent an email to all 66 loose archives. It was sent to the addresses that are listed in the Maintainer-Email field of the archive template. The mail informed about the maintainer support that we detail in the link(Subsection ref(sec:suppo))(sec:suppo)+footnote(The text of the mail and the responses is available from the authors on request.) After sending a reminder, we achieved 22 responses. The small number of replies that we received is cause for concern. For anonymous questionnaires a response rate of one in three would be a great success. However we are dealing with a situation where the maintainer have some knowledge about what we are doing. There must be a common concern between us and the maintainer. Recall that almost all of them took the initiative to open the archive in the first place. The first question concerned the personal address of the respondent. In the second question we were interested in the professional status of the respondent quote( How would you describe your function? (dq(academic faculty), dq(researcher), dq(computing officer), dq(publications officer), dq(secretary), dq(student) etc). ) Eleven respondents are academic staff, either in teaching or in full-time research positions, three professional researchers outside academia+emdash()we will group these as faculty respondents in the following+emdash()three students, two computer systems administrators, one librarian, one secretary, and one publications officer. The academic faculty were the first to respond, most of the answers we received from the others came after the reminder email. COMMENT(jmbc(---Quizas habria que notar la falta de bibliotecarios y enfatizar otra vez que la labor de catalogacion esta ahora en manos de los autores o distribuidores no de los bibliotecarios? ---)) The next question concerned quote( Briefly describe how your RePEc archive was initiated. For example: who had the idea, why did you open the archive... ) Here all the faculty respondents write that they opened the archives themselves. Eight of them mention that they have been approached by a member of the RePEc team. Six of them mention general awareness of RePEc. One student maintainer says that he was approached by the webmaster. All other non-faculty respondents report that they have been approached by faculty members. We already come up with one interpretation. It seems that the work on the archive works best when the academics are taking the initiative. quote( Briefly describe how the archive is maintained. For example: who is involved in maintaining it, do you update the files regularly, how do you collect the data... ) The answers to this question are very difficult to summarize. Suffice is to say that we did not find two institutions that have the same procedures. Some involve as many as three persons in the process. Some use in-house scripts to update the server or to input the data. Even if academics are doing it on their own every single one of them seems to find a different way to do it. We conclude that trying to write a software that would help to automate the process would be very difficult because the software would have to cope with a large variety of individual organizational structures. quote(Are the researchers aware that their work is disseminated though +latexcommand(\url{)IDEAS/NEP/WoPEc+latexcommand(}) etc?) Here we have 16 answers that broadly say dq(yes) versus 6 that broadly say dq(no). A word of caution is on order here. An archive maintainer can easily state that the researchers are aware of it if she told them once that the research was disseminated. As one maintainer put it: dq(I keep reminding them but my guess is, less than 30% remember). quote( Do you find it difficult/cumbersome to make the updates? What could we do to help you?) All respondents write that it was easy or fairly easy to perform the updates. Many add that they did not need any further help. Suggestions are few and far between. None of them suggest procedural changes with the provision of the data. While this is a favorable result we must not forget that only one in three maintainers replied. It is possible that the other maintainers are rather confused and therefore did not bother to reply. We have some anecdotal evidence to support this idea. COMMENT(jmbc(--- Yo quitaria esta anecdota. Aunque es muy significativa, para entenderla se necesitan unos conocimientos de RePEc que el lector seguramente aun no tiene. Si el lector no encuantra ninguna misconception, puede que no siga leyendo el articulo :-\) Here is a recent email that we received. We blank out the name of the series quote( The [...] Papers are put on your site. We used to be able to give you the files as .rdf, but unfortunately we no longer have the facility to do this, so we are now saving the files as .txt MSdos for Windows. Could you please let me know if this is going to cause a problem, and if so, could you recommend another way that we can save the file. ) We leave it the the reader to find the number of misconceptions that there are in this message. ) sect(The total dataset)label(sec:data) +latexcommand(\begin{table}\begin{center}) table(5)(lrlrl)( row(cell()cells(2)(ReDIF-paper) cells(2)(ReDIF-article) ) row(cell(em(field)) cell(em(all))cell(em(max)) cell(em(all)) cell(em(max)) ) row(cell(template-type)cell(58254)celll(1) cell(10112) celll(1) ) row(cell(handle) cell(58251) celll(2)cell(10110) celll(1) ) row(cell(title) cell(58235) celll(2) cell(10110)celll(1) ) row(cell(author-name) cell(98321) celll(14) cell(13855) celll(6) ) row(cell(creation-date) cell(52730) celll(1) cell(8819)celll(1) ) row(cell(revision-date) cell(536) celll(8) cell() celll() ) row(cell(publication-date) cell()celll() cell(510) celll(1) ) row(cell(abstract) cell(22984) celll(3) cell(1896) celll(1) ) row(cell(classification-jel) cell(20194) celll(2) cell(436) celll(1) ) row(cell(keywords) cell(39219)celll(3) cell(9084) celll(1) ) row(cell(keywords-attent) cell(457) celll(1) cell() celll() ) row(cell(publication-status) cell(6227) celll(3) cell(1568) celll(1) ) row(cell(note)cell(9011) celll(1) cell(1479) celll(2) ) row(cell(series) cell(4124) celll(2) cell()celll() ) row(cell(number) cell(16021) celll(2) cell(1501) celll(1) ) row(cell(price) cell(4175) celll(3) cell() celll() ) row(cell(file-url) cell(17259) celll(22) cell(1853) celll(2) ) row(cell(order-url) cell(2417) celll(1) cell() celll() ) row(cell(contact-email) cell(1141) celll(1) cell() celll() ) row(cell(availability) cell(7169) celll(2) cell() celll() ) row(cell(length)cell(33342) celll(12) cell() celll() ) row(cell(pages) cell() celll() cell(7920) celll(1) ) row(cell(month) cell() celll() cell(489)celll(1) ) row(cell(issue) cell() celll() cell(8705) celll(1) ) row(cell(volume) cell() celll() cell(1293) celll(1)) row(cell(year) cell() celll()cell(1293) celll(1) ) row(cell(journal) cell() celll() cell(488) celll(1) ) row(cell(paper-handle)cell() celll() cell(19) celll(1) ) ) +latexcommand(\caption{The data in article and paper templates} \label{tab:b}\end{center}\end{table}) subsect(Aggregate Contents) In Table 2, we examine the document data in RePEc. For each field we give the total occurrences of the field in the dq(all) column and the maximum of occurrences that the field has within a single template in the dq(max) column. The document data appear in the ReDIF-paper and the ReDIF-article templates. There are two characteristics that potentially set articles apart from papers. First the paper can be understood as a preprint. From that point of view the article is a paper that has gone through some sort of peer review. In that case the distinction between paper and article has to do with the contents only. Secondly the distinction between paper and articles could be through their physical manifestation. From that point of view the article would be a document that is bound with others in a journal issue and it would therefore carry page numbers, issue numbers etc. This is the official criterion according to the ReDIF documentation. But it is not neat since the pagination may become redundant if the journal becomes electronic. In the following we will use the term dq(document) when we wish to refer to papers and articles simultaneously. Total numbers for documents are given by the dq(template-type) and dq(handle) fields. Since each template should have exactly one type and exactly one handle the tiny difference between the two numbers is made up of mistakes in the dataset. The title field is also required. It is encouraging to see that most documents have a creation date attached to them, because as the dataset grows it will become increasingly important to distinguish between recent and dated documents; only the former are likely to be of much interest. By contrast dq(revision-date) information is rare. Articles may also have a dq(publication-date). The difference of this field with the dq(creation-date) field is not clear. We consider this to be a design error in the template structure. COMMENT(--- Yo lo quitaria. publication-date no esta en la documentacion de ReDIF. Puede ser un error en redif.spec??) Let us consider the elements that refine the contents description. We encourage contributors to provide abstracts. The presence of abstracts for about one in three papers is very positive. The abstract field can be repeated. This is desirable when there are abstracts in different languages. A large number of the papers have a url(Journal of Economic Literature)(http://www.jel.org) (JEL) classification code attached to them. However almost all papers in the offline papers only archive RePEc:fth have the codes and that explains a very large proportion of the classified material. Note that this data has been compiled by a librarian. For the electronic papers there are only two in five papers that have a classification field. We agree that this is a serious limitation to the quality of the data. It would have been possible to require a classification number for each paper right from the start. This would have hampered the collection effort. In particular it would have made it impossible for the WoPEc team to dq(snarf) bibliographic data from sites where this JEL data was not available. There is also some concern among economists that their areas of work do not match with these codes. The use of more complete and sophisticated classification schemes would not be possible. The main argument against requiring JEL classification codes was, however, that there is considerable opposition against the scheme in the heterodox Econonomics commonity. They feel that the JEL classification scheme reflects the view of the orthodoxy. Requiring JEL classification codes would have meant excluding these contributors. Then and now only a tiny part of the collection could be grouped as heterodox. However our aim is that RePEc be a broad church. This was the decisive argument against requiring the use of JEL codes. There is a large number of templates that have keywords. About 50% of these templates come from RePEc:fip where each paper has a keyword. ReDIF allows for both free and qualified controlled vocabulary. This facility is used by for the internal keyword scheme of the url(Attent: Research Memoranda)(http://cwis.kub.nl/~dbi/english/info/attent.htm) database. They are only used by the RePEc:dgr archive. COMMENT(--- Yo lo quitaria. publication-date no esta en la documentacion de ReDIF. Puede ser un error en redif.spec??) The dq(publication-status) field can be used to indicate where the paper has been submitted to and where the paper has been formally published. This field appears in the data from large research bodies that have been issuing a series of papers for many years and that have data about the formal publication of the paper. The fields dq(series) and dq(number) are somewhat redundant since this information should also be available from the handle. The dq(price) field normally refers to the delivery of a printed copy. The mode of delivery is often just expressed in the dq(price) field. The dq(file-url) field refers to the dq(full text) locus of a part of the full text. Usually it is the complete full text. The document may have several components in addition to the full text. These can be listed as several dq(file) clusters. Each may carry an uncontrolled field about its function within the paper. For example the author may wish to supply a computer program that was used to produce the paper. In that case a whole series of files may be made available. However that is not the way the option of having many files is actually exercised. Most of the time it is used to include elements like graphics or tables that the author did not manage to include into the main document file. The dq(order-url) field is used to point to an intermediate page that sits between our description and the files of the document. In that case we are not aware if the resource does actually exist online. dq(order-url) may be used in conjunction with the dq(file-url) attribute. Note that there is no dq(order-email) field in the document templates. Such a field figures in the series template, because the ordering of a paper should be the same for all papers in the series. The dq(contact-email) may otherwise be used to contact the somebody who has any connection with the paper. This field is only used by the contributors to the RePEc:wpa archive. The dq(availability) is used most of the time to signal that the paper is no longer in print. Finally a dq(length) attribute can be used to indicate how many pages the reader has to go through to read the paper. This field is present in all templates provided by RePEc:fth and it seems to appear in a surprisingly large number of other templates. Articles have a number of specific attributes that are listed at the bottom of the table. Strictly speaking these are not descriptive elements of the articles themselves, they rather relate to the position the article has within the journal. Finally the dq(paper-handle) allows to point from the preprint version to the article template. +latexcommand(\begin{table}\begin{center}) table(9)(lrllrllrl)( row(cells(3)(file)cells(3)(person)cells(3)(organization)) row(celll(em(name))cellr(em(all))celll(em(max)) celll(em(name))cellr(em(all))celll(em(max))celll(em(name)) cellr(em(all))celll(em(max)) ) row(celll(url)cellr(19112)celll(1) celll(name)cellr(112176)celll(1) celll(name)cellr(8598)celll(1) ) row(celll(format)cellr(19024)celll(1) celll(postal)cellr(8)celll(1) celll(postal)cellr(2118)celll(2) ) row(celll(size)cellr(2630)celll(1) celll(homepage)cellr(1557)celll(2) celll(homepage)cellr(596)celll(2) ) row(celll(function)cellr(1661)celll(1) celll(email)cellr(3166)celll(2) celll(email)cellr(1451)celll(3) ) row(celll(restriction)cellr(2548)celll(1) celll(phone)cellr(282)celll(1) celll(phone)cellr(164)celll(1) ) row(celll()cellr()celll() celll(fax)cellr(259)celll(1) celll(fax)cellr(197)celll(1) ) row(celll()cellr()celll() celll(workplace-name)cellr(8598)celll(4) celll()cellr()celll() ))+latexcommand(\caption{The data in clusters} \label{tab:g}\end{center}\end{table}) subsect(The clustered data) The data available in Table 2 is not the complete set of information available in the dataset. It only lists the individual attributes and the key attributes of clusters in the paper and article templates. In Table 3 we have the data that is contained in the clusters in this subset of the RePEc data. This data is therefore consistent with the data in Table 2. There are three types of clusters, dq(file), dq(organization) and dq(person). The numbers that are present suggest that there are significant possibilities for a relational structure in the dataset between persons and their organizations. An interesting consideration in the person cluster is the high number of workplace templates. Providers of the data seem to attribute more importance to the workplace of a person rather than to her strictly personal data, eg()her homepage. The only explanation that we can offer here is that most likely the data is provided by an agent of the workplace. The low number of homepages is an indicator which also suggests that in most cases the provider is not the author herself. Note also that the workplace information+emdash()when it is present+emdash()is much more complete than the corresponding data for the individuals. subsect(Mistakes in the data) When a dataset is provided by various parties at the same time it is not a good idea to use the data directly. Recall that mirroring software is being used to keep updated copies of archives on sites that unite more than one archive. An archive could provide a site with an arbitrary stream of nonsense data. To avoid that data to appear in a user service we need to check the data at the time of reading. There are two types of problems that the software notices when it reads ReDIF templates dq(errors) and dq(warnings). An dq(error) result in the template being discarded. A dq(warning) results in the value of the field being ignored. We deal with both problems later on. Note that the distinction between errors and warnings is not part of the published ReDIF documentation. It is specified in the the specification file of the ReDIF checking software. These technical aspects of the control of the dataset are not well documented to date. They are all written down in a rather cryptic file that is read by the reading and checking software when it is fired up. subsubsect(ReDIF Errors) In Table 4 we show the errors that are in the data are in the dataset. At the start of the template, the first element has to be the template type. In theory the border of the template is the zero-width space between the template-type statement and what precedes it. In practice the checking software takes any number of blank lines as separator between templates and therefore it is able to signal the error that the template is not valid because it has as invalid start. Another type of error is the omission of a required field. The handle field is of course a mandatory field. For papers and articles we also require the name of at least one author, and the title. The requirement that leads to most errors is the specification of the file format. A document+emdash()whether a paper or an article+emdash()will be represented in a number of files. For each of those files we require a statement about the file format (say PDF, postscript etc) as well as some indication about the compression or archiving software that is being used. This requirement was inspired from our experience with user services. The early user services of RePEc were confronted with the problem to teach users what to do with the files when they had downloaded them. If the format of the file was documented it became possible to link each file to a documentation page that would explain users how to deal with the file. When such links were introduced at the WoPEc project in 1996 the number of queries fell dramatically. The need to require fire formats was therefore introduced into the ReDIF specification. The next errors listed in Table 3 concern fields that repeated but that ReDIF does not allow to repeat. No template may have two handles and no document may have two titles. +latexcommand(\begin{table}\begin{center}) table(2)(lr)( row(cell(em(description of error)) cellr(em(number))) row(cell(Start template with 'template-type' attribute) cellr(122)) row(cell(Required attribute is absent)cellr(6)) row(cell(Required attribute is absent)cellr(23)) </td><td>row(cell(Required attribute <author-name> is absent) </td><td>cellr(8)) </td><td>row(cell(Required attribute <format> is absent in <file>) </td><td>cellr(264)) </td><td>row(cell(You cannot repeat (2) this attr <handle> in templ above) </td><td>cellr(1)) </td><td>row(cell(You cannot repeat (2) this attr <title> in templ above) </td><td>cellr(1)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in cluster <file>)cellr(104)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in cluster <organization>) </td><td>cellr(32)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in cluster <person>) </td><td>cellr(2)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in template <redif-archive 1.0>) </td><td>cellr(14)) </td><td>row(cell(Attribute misplaced; valid in template <redif-person 1.0>) cellr(4)) </td><td>row(cell(INVALID (unknown) attribute)cellr(126)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <email> (attr: contact-email, eval))cellr(1)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <fileformat> (attr: file-format, regex)) cellr(112)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <handle> (attr: handle, regex)) cellr(10)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <url> (attr: author-homepage, eval)) cellr(82)) </td><td>row(cell(Invalid value of type <url> (attr: file-url, eval))cellr(77)) </td><td>row(cell(Bad line:)cellr(1189)) </td><td>) </td><td>latexcommand(\caption{The errors in the dataset}\label{tab:r} </td><td>\end{center}\end{table}) </td><td> </td><td>An important source of mistakes is the clustering of attributes. A cluster </td><td>must be introduced with the key attribute for the cluster; if that is not </td><td>the case then the template is in error. However given the fact that the </td><td>cluster concept is more involved than than the meaning of individual </td><td>data element we are surprised that there are not more clustering mistakes. </td><td> </td><td>Each attribute may be checked for its syntax to correspond to a regular </td><td>expression. Email addresses have to be of the standard Internet form </td><td>em(user)@em(site). URLs have to be of a syntax that is specified in </td><td>url(RFC1783)(http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/rfc/rfc1738.txt). The format </td><td>indicator that is required in the file-format is an in-house product. It is </td><td>based on the mime types as defined in </td><td>url(RFC1521)(http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/rfc/rfc1521.ps.gz) but it has </td><td>additional qualifiers that specify archiving and compression of files. It </td><td>is therefore not astonishing that this specification produces quite a few </td><td>mistakes. </td><td> </td><td>Finally an important source of mistakes are bad lines. This error typically </td><td>occurs in lines that continue the value of a field that has started on a </td><td>previous line. Any such line must be indented by at least one blank </td><td>character. Note that the number quoted here is the actual number of bad </td><td>lines. If an abstract that goes over several lines has no indentation, this </td><td>problem affects all the lines. The number of templates that are affected </td><td>by the problem is therefore much smaller than the number reported </td><td>here. Our calculations show that 170 templates are invalid through </td><td>bad lines. Note that the same remark also applies for the </td><td>dq(missing template-type) error. </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(ReDIF warnings) </td><td> </td><td>When a warning is issued, the template is not rejected but the value of the </td><td>field is ignored. We list the warning messages in Table 4. </td><td>Dates have to be of the form em(yyyy-mm-dd). The JEL </td><td>classification values are all known to the checking software. If a key </td><td>attribute is empty then the rest of the cluster data is ignored. </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(Guildford protocol mistakes) </td><td> </td><td>When preparing this paper we also found some violations of the Guildford </td><td>protocol. Recall that the Guildford protocol sets rules on how ReDIF </td><td>metadata should be stored on a RePEc archive.+footnote(When ReDIF is </td><td>checked these errors are not detected because they are not violations of </td><td>ReDIF.) Three files contained series templates but they are not called </td><td>em(???seri.rdf) and placed in the directory of individual series. There is </td><td>also a file that contains a mixture of ReDIF-paper and ReDIF-software </td><td>templates. This is not licit because no file may contain templates of </td><td>different types. </td><td> </td><td>Since we have been working very thoroughly through the </td><td>data we are confident that there are no further Guildford protocol mistakes </td><td>in the data. To prove that we would need to write special software. </td><td> </td><td>subsect(The composition of the dataset into archives) </td><td> </td><td>In Tables 5 and 6 (in the Appendix) we report the contents of the total </td><td>document-related datasets for loose and controlled archives respectively. </td><td>For each archive, we give its name first; two names have been shortened in </td><td>order to save space. It is clear that the name of the archive is not really </td><td>a well defined concept. For most loose archives the choice of the name </td><td>reflects the name of the provider or sometimes simply the name of the type </td><td>of papers. </td><td> </td><td>It is clear that the largest archives tend to be found among the controlled </td><td>archives. The reasons are simple enough. Many of the controlled archives </td><td>come from large providers. A member of the RePEc team has been working to </td><td>make their contents available, because the bargaining power of large </td><td>providers is such that they have little incentive to provide data but RePEc </td><td>has strong incentives to include them. The majority of loose archives are </td><td>run by small institutions, in general for their departmental paper series. </td><td>At the opposite end there are some personal archives. We will look at them </td><td>separately. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>+latexcommand(\begin{table}\begin{center}) </td><td>table(2)(lr)( </td><td>row(cell(em(description of error))cellr(em(number))) </td><td>row(celll( A bad date value format:) cellr(273)) </td><td>row(celll(An invalid JEL value) cellr(3344)) </td><td>row(celll(Empty value of a key attr. <author-name>) cellr(301)) </td><td>row(celll(Empty value of a key attr. <author-workplace-name>) cellr(1411)) </td><td>row(celll(Empty value of a key attr. <file-url>) cellr(176)) </td><td>) </td><td>+latexcommand(\caption{The warnings in the dataset}\label{tab:n} </td><td>\end{center}\end{table}) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(Controlled versus loose archives)label(sec:coar) </td><td> </td><td>There are two basic reasons why mistakes occur in an archive. Either the </td><td>maintainer is incompetent or (s)he is lazy. In the case of the controlled </td><td>archives we exclude the incompetence cause. We assume that these people are </td><td>competent but that they have not yet corrected the mistakes because they </td><td>have been too lazy, too busy with other things or for whatever other </td><td>reasons. The main issue is whether people who have neither formal </td><td>cataloging background in general nor have had </td><td>personal training in particular are </td><td>able to catalog the documents. If they can do that as well as people who </td><td>have perfect knowledge of the cataloging procedure than it is possible to </td><td>build a catalog simply by pointing a willing individual to the </td><td>documentation. </td><td> </td><td>It is therefore important to consider the comparative number of mistakes in </td><td>these two groups of archives. Because of the fact that the controlled </td><td>archives are so much larger a comparison of the quality of the controlled </td><td>versus the loose archive would be misleading if it would solely based on </td><td>statistical measures like the total number of errors divided by the total </td><td>number or documents. Since the large collections are generated out of ASCII </td><td>dumps from bibliographic databases, this comparison would be misleading. </td><td> </td><td>From an examination of the data in Table 5, there seems to be an </td><td>accumulation of mistakes in certain archives whereas others are almost </td><td>completely error-free. Even some of the controlled archives are affected by </td><td>a series of problems. It therefore seems fair to write that in principle </td><td>the decentralized cataloging works for a large number of archives. However </td><td>a small number are affected by clusters of mistakes. There is some human </td><td>intervention required to fix these mistakes. Note that because web </td><td>cataloging is still in its infancy, we can be hopeful that sooner or later </td><td>the archives that are affected by serial errors will take corrective </td><td>action. </td><td> </td><td>subsubsect(Personal archives) </td><td>Four archives are in fact personal archives where paper of only one person </td><td>and his co-authors appear. Three of them take their name </td><td>from the person who </td><td>is the main author. RePEc is ill-prepared for the wide-spread use idea of a </td><td>personal RePEc archive. Since all archives have to be registered with a </td><td>central archive, if many of authors open such archives this would put the </td><td>central archive under considerable strain. The three archives are operated </td><td>by leading gurus and therefore the RePEc team did find it difficult to </td><td>refuse them to open an archive. If authors would make more material </td><td>available in homepages, one would need to found intermediate collectors </td><td>that would gather the ReDIF data not through the Guildford protocol, but </td><td>through a protocol that is more suitable for the storage of ReDIF data </td><td>in homepages. </td><td> </td><td>One important motivation to store papers in personal archives is </td><td>that many journals+emdash()such as the url(Journal of Internet Cataloging) </td><td>(http://www.haworthpressinc.com/jic/)+emdash()allow authors to </td><td>redistribute their work as part of a collection that is their own. The </td><td>statement for the Journal of Internet Cataloging </td><td>is at tturl(http://www.haworthpressinc.com/jic/jicpubag.html), </td><td>the relevant passage is </td><td>quote( </td><td>As a professional courtesy, the authors retain the right to reprint their </td><td>article submitted again, after publication in the journal, in any work for </td><td>which they are sole Author, or in any edited work for which the author is </td><td>Senior Editor. No further permission is necessary in writing from The </td><td>Haworth Press, Inc., nor will the Press require fees of any kind for the </td><td>reprinting.) </td><td>Providers of personal archives provide reprints of their paper and </td><td>hope that these reprints are protected by such clauses. In a similar way </td><td>we provide an furl(online version of this </td><td>paper)(http://openlib.org/home/krichel/papers/jagt.html). </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>sect(User services)+label(sec:user) </td><td> </td><td>There would be little point in collecting all that data if there were no </td><td>users to use them. Note that there is no official user service for RePEc. </td><td>The implicit ability and explicit intention to allow for many user services </td><td>at one time is a key features of RePEc. This provides an important selling </td><td>point once a potential provider understands that submitting data to RePEc </td><td>means submitting the data to all the user services at once. Here we list </td><td>the most important user services in </td><td>link(Subsection ref(sec:main))(sec:main), before we critically </td><td>discuss them in link(Subsection </td><td>ref(sec:upta))(sec:upta). </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>subsect(The main user services)label(sec:main) </td><td> </td><td>By order of historical appearance, they are </td><td> </td><td>furl(BibEc)(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/BibEc.html)+amp() +latexcommand(\par </td><td>)+furl(WoPEc)(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/WoPEc.html)+nl() +noindent() provide </td><td>static html pages for all working papers that are only available in print </td><td>(BibEc) and all papers that are available electronically (WoPEc). Both </td><td>datasets use the same search engines. There are three search engines, a </td><td>full text WAIS engine, a fielded search engine based on the mySQL </td><td>relational database and a ROADS fielded search engine. Note that the mySQL </td><td>database is also used for the control of the relational components in the </td><td>RePEc dataset. BibEc and WoPEc are mirrored in the United States and Japan </td><td>as part of the NetEc project. </td><td> </td><td>furl(IDEAS)(http://ideas.uqam.ca)+nl() </td><td>+noindent() provides an Excite index of static html pages that represent all </td><td>Paper, Article and Software templates. This is by far the most popular RePEc </td><td>user interface. </td><td> </td><td>furl(NEP: New Economics Papers)(http://netec.wustl.edu/NEP)+nl() </td><td>+noindent() is set of reports on new additions of papers to RePEc. </td><td>Each report is edited by subject specialists who receive information on all </td><td>new additions and then filter out the papers that are relevant to the </td><td>subject of the report. These subject specialists are PhD students and young </td><td>researchers. They work as volunteers. On 27 June 1999 there were 1766 </td><td>different email addresses that subscribed to at least one list. </td><td> </td><td>furl(Tilburg University Working papers and research memoranda)(http://www.kub.nl/~dbi/demomate/repref.htm)+nl() </td><td>This site also operates a Z39.50 server for all downloadable papers in </td><td>RePEc is available at dbiref.kub.nl:9997. The database name is </td><td>dq(repref). The attribute set is Bib-1, and the record syntax supported are </td><td>USmarc, SUTRS, GRS-1 (only string tags, tag type 3). </td><td> </td><td>furl(RuPEc)(http://www.ieie.nsc.ru/RuPEc)+nl() </td><td>is a server in Russian. It does not only provide search facilities </td><td>for Russian users but also archival facilities for Russian contributors. </td><td> </td><td>furl(INOMICS)(http://www.inomics.com/query/search)+nl() </td><td>not only </td><td>provides an index of RePEc data but also allows simultaneous searches </td><td>in indexes of other web pages related to Economics. </td><td> </td><td>The dq(Tilburg University Working papers and research memoranda) service is </td><td>operated by a library-based group that has received funding from the </td><td>European Union. INOMICS is operated by the Economics consultancy </td><td>url(Berlecon)(http://www.berlecon.de). All the other user services are </td><td>operated by junior academics. </td><td> </td><td>subsect(The usage of user services)label(sec:upta) </td><td> </td><td>Thomas Krichel founded both the WoPEc user service in 1993 and NEP in </td><td>1998. Jos\'e Manuel Barrueco has been the intensively involved in WoPEc </td><td>user education. Our experience suggests that the average users from </td><td>developed countries are at the postgraduate and doctoral level. There are </td><td>many users in developing countries. In these countries the user commonity </td><td>includes more senior levels, ie()more junior academics and professional </td><td>researchers rather than students. For them the RePEc user services are one </td><td>of the very few means to get hold of research papers. We think that this is </td><td>the most rewarding aspect of our work. The free provision of RePEc helps to </td><td>reduce the gap between the informationally rich and the informationally </td><td>poor. </td><td> </td><td>The use of RePEc services among senior academics in the developed countries </td><td>seems to be low. Is this because these people are too much set in their </td><td>ways to use these modern facilities? We do not think so. </td><td>Some people think that the low usage by tenured academics </td><td> We believe that </td><td>the current user services do not meet the information needs of these </td><td>people. Academics do not need large-scale information services that they </td><td>can search. The larger the scale the more likely they are to find </td><td>information they did not seek and the less likely they are to find </td><td>information that they want. Since they are working within a very narrow </td><td>field and only have little time to read a small amount of literature </td><td>small-scale information services are more tailored to their needs. In </td><td>addition the contents of the service should be highly selective. Among the </td><td>current user services that are built on the RePEc data, NEP comes closest </td><td>to such services. Our anecdotal evidence suggests that this is the service </td><td>that has the largest proportion of tenured academics. </td><td> </td><td>RePEc as such can not provide small-scale user services. It can only </td><td>provide the basis for such user services to exist. We are aware of two </td><td>approaches to build such services. Section 4 of </td><td>latexcommand(\citeN{serpar99online}) whenhtml(url(Krichel, Lyapunov and </td><td>Parinov (1999))(http://gretel.econ.surrey.ac.uk/papers/zhenya.pdf)) </td><td>describes design features for a current awareness portal system where each </td><td>researcher could register the subject and type of records that she is </td><td>interested in. The portal would then be able to inform the researcher about </td><td>new resources in her field. A second approach is outlined is Section 6 of </td><td>latexcommand(\citeN{kribau99edel}) whenhtml(url(Baum and Krichel </td><td>(1999))(http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/AcMeS/edel.html)) Here the idea is to build </td><td>peer review web (dq(SurWeb)) services. These are supposed to extend NEP to </td><td>full peer review. It is too early to speculate if such a system can be put </td><td>into place. </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>sect(Conclusions)label(sec:conc) </td><td> </td><td>The free provision of educational material can be implemented through a </td><td>central institution. Such an institution needs to be subsidized by central </td><td>funds. The alternative is to provide the resources by a large number of </td><td>agents. Then the cost of providing access can be absorbed within each </td><td>institution. In that case the question of a comprehensive catalog </td><td>arises. Such a catalog is needed to provide access to the collection in a </td><td>unified way. </td><td> </td><td>In this paper we have dealt with the provision of a key resource </td><td>ie()academic papers. We have presented a collection of metadata that is </td><td>provided by decentralized archives. We have found that it is possible to </td><td>build such a collection to a reasonable degree of accuracy if some archives </td><td>where mistakes occur are aided by others. There needs to be a small group </td><td>of people who actively support the collection. However this support can be </td><td>given in decentralized fashion without the need for much coordination </td><td>between supporters. </td><td> </td><td>The academic library commonity in the United Kingdom as a whole has made a </td><td>important contribution to RePEc by donating funds to the work of the WoPEc </td><td>project. This has allowed the WoPEc project to collect metadata about </td><td>papers that are published by institutions that are not yet contributing to </td><td>RePEc. This was a vital aspect of WoPEc project. The data collected by </td><td>WoPEc constituted 90% of the RePEc data when RePEc was founded. However </td><td>nowadays that proportion is falling. The funding for WoPEc has run out but </td><td>the WoPEc web site continues to expand because of the contributions by made </td><td>by RePEc archives. The software is maintained by volunteers. </td><td> </td><td>Librarians should carefully consider the vision of the project. This is a </td><td>kind of academic self-organization where academics publish and catalog their </td><td>own work. RePEc benefits from network externalities. The more academics join </td><td>the more those who have not joined will feel pressure to join. If the data is </td><td>freely available than authors can commonicate with their peers without the need </td><td>of intermediaries. The providers of intermediation services have every reason </td><td>to be worried. They include publishers em(and)+latexcommand(\/) librarians. If </td><td>librarians do not play a more active part by supporting developments like RePEc </td><td>there will be no more r\^ole for them in the future. Write to </td><td>url(RePEc@netec.mcc.ac.uk)(mailto:repec@netec.mcc.ac.uk) </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>latexcommand(\bibliography{bib}) </td><td> </td><td>whenhtml( </td><td><hr> </td><td>The work </td><td> discussed here has received financial support by the Joint </td><td> Information Systems Committee of the UK Higher Education Funding </td><td> Councils through its </td><td> url(Electronic Library Programme)(http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib). </td><td> We are grateful to </td><td> url(Christopher F. Baum)(http://fmwww.bc.edu/EC-V/Baum.fac.html), </td><td> url(Robert P. Parks)(http://wueconb.wustl.edu/~bob/), </td><td> url(Thorsten Wichmann)(http://www.berlecon.de) and </td><td> url(Christian Zimmermann)(http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14160/index.html) </td><td> for comments on the questionnaires. The topic of </td><td> link(Subsection ref(sec:upta))(sec:upta) </td><td> was suggested by url(Jane Greenberg)(http://ils.unc.edu/~janeg). </td><td> url(William L. Goffe)(http://wuecon.wustl.edu/~goffe/) and </td><td> Christian Zimmermann </td><td> made many helpful suggestions. </td><td> Sophie C. 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